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Most of them refer only to the Aggañña-sutta passage, 4 missing out the three Apadāna references. 5 The reason could be either that the scholars concerned have taken the aforementioned text as represe

This paper examines the overlooked references to dhammarāya in the Pali canon, emphasizing a context not previously presented. It critiques the tendency to categorize texts strictly as ‘early Buddhism

IV. Reference 1: Dhammakāya as the Tathāgata’s Designation The first Pali reference to the term dhammakāya that is well known to all previous works is a passage in the Aggañña-sutta, wherein the term

This text discusses the term 'dhammakāya' as referenced in the Aggañña-sutta, emphasizing its importance in defining an heir of dhamma and the Tathāgata’s true son. The conversation between the Buddha

This corresponds to the set of four activities41 belonging to a Stream-attainer (sotāpattiyānga) which brings about other sets of qualities. The titles ‘born of dhamma’ (dhammaja) and ‘created by dham

This content discusses the process of spiritual attainment through dhamma, emphasizing four key activities that lead to the emergence of noble qualities. It highlights how listening to the Buddha's te

[Right concentration, again, becomes the basis of right views, right aspirations, and other steps of the noble eightfold path, which is now experienced on a higher level, and this spiral-like progress

This text elaborates on the interrelationship between Right Concentration, Right Views, and Right Aspirations as pivotal elements of the Noble Eightfold Path leading to liberation. It discusses the sp

While a conclusion is proposed here to some extent, it may be useful to examine further implications from the parallel usage of the term 'dhamma' and 'brahma' elsewhere, for it may add further underst

เนื้อหานี้สำรวจการใช้คำว่า 'ดัมมะ' และ 'บราเหมะ' ในวรรณกรรมพุทธศาสนา และการตีความความหมายที่เชื่อมโยงกันของทั้งสองคำ เป็นการศึกษาความสำคัญของการใช้คำที่ขนานกัน ซึ่งสะท้อนถึงสถานะความบริสุทธิ์สูงสุดที่

On the whole, it appears that the terms dhamma and brahma constituting four designations of the Tathāgāta are used in the sense of the ‘highest.’ It is most likely that they refer to Nibbāna. This i

This study examines the terms dhamma and brahma, suggesting that they refer to the highest aspect of Tathāgāta, likely Nibbāna. The term dhamma denotes transcendental realities, transcending the realm

The parallel usage of dhammakāya and dhammabhūta with brahmakāya and brahmmabhūta suggests further that the term dhamma in the passage should refer to Nibbāna. Indeed, it is possible also to say that

This study delves into the concepts of dhamma and Nibbāna, positing that dhamma refers to transcendental dhamma, which serves as a transformer and defilement eradicator. It explores how the realizatio

Arhatship (arahattamagga).86 Therefore, the particular path is not a mere ‘collective title’ of the path-constituents but the ‘essential totality’ by which a ‘body’ is defined. The dependence of funct

This text discusses the concept of Arhatship and the definition of Dhammakāya in the context of Buddhist philosophy. It argues that the path should be seen as an essential totality, forming a 'body,'

V. Reference 2: Dhammakāya and Paccekabuddhas A Paccekabuddha is counted as one of the two types of Buddhas. According to Buddhist philosophy, a Paccekabuddha is a person who is of the highest wisdom

This text discusses the concept of Paccekabuddhas, individuals of high wisdom who achieve self-enlightenment but lack the ability to teach. It explores scholarly arguments about the pre-Buddhist origi

No-one can upset the (Padumuttara Buddhu) entire mine of jewels, who is demonstrating the dhammakāya; having seen him, who is not pleased? In order to clarify further regarding the precise connotation

This study revisits the term dhammakāya in the Pali canon, highlighting its significance in Buddhist teachings. By examining the Sambuddha-sutta, the relationship between 'the path' and dhammakāya is

The research approach employed in the present study is intended as a more direct, analytical and inclusive one than previous approaches to this question. It is more direct in that it set off by docume

This study analyzes the term dhammakāya through close readings of Pali canonical passages, revealing that it relates not only to the Buddha but also to other noble figures like Paccakabuddhas and disc

In a few passages, however, Sāriputta also refers to the term dhammakāya in the sense of the Buddha’s teaching.150 On the whole, traditional Theravādins interpret the term dhammakāya mostly in the se

This passage examines the term 'dhammakāya' as interpreted in traditional Theravāda Buddhism. It discusses the general view of dhammakāya as reflecting the qualities of the Buddha and the spiritual re

This project is in accordance with the national emphasis on the protection and development of religious culture in minority areas.3 Most of the Dai Buddhist manuscripts in Sipsong Panna are made from

This project aligns with the national focus on protecting religious culture in minority areas, specifically the Dai community in Yunnan. Research has identified more than 400 Dai Buddhist manuscripts,

III The Problem of the Imminent Extinction of Palm-Leaf Manuscripts in Sipsong Panna Buddhism in Sipsong Panna is characterised by its manuscript culture. However, today the number of the palm-leaf m

This text discusses the worrying decline of palm-leaf manuscripts in Sipsong Panna, where Buddhist manuscript culture is rich but facing imminent extinction. Key reasons include the autonomous nature

donate palm-leaf scriptures as an act of merit and such donations appear less frequently in the sacred dantam (贽坦) or offering ceremony. Donors prefer to donate Buddhist scriptures printed using mod

This text discusses the decline in donations of traditional palm-leaf scriptures in favor of more accessible and readable texts printed on Chinese and sa-paper. Reasons include cost, legibility, and t

An Shigao and Early Chinese Meditation Techniques¹ Phra Kiattisak Kittipanyo² (University of Otago) An Shigao安世高 (147~168 CE) played an important role in the early transmission of Buddhism into China

An Shigao (147-168 CE) significantly influenced the early transmission of Buddhism in China. Despite a focus on his ethnicity and translation style, he is recognized as a respected meditation master.

In this paper I explore the connections between An Shigao and the introduction of the Indian Buddhist meditation technique of mindfulness breathing meditation, or ānāpānasmṛti, into Eastern Han China.

This paper examines An Shigao's role in introducing the Indian mindfulness breathing meditation technique, ānāpānasmṛti, into Eastern Han China. The phrase「息中具有四大。 而心在中」suggests that the mind should f

From Sengyou’s CSZJJ, we learn that there are two Anban[shouyi] jing sutras which were translated by An Shigao:37 安般守意經一卷 安錄云：『小安般經』。（CSZJJ p.5c 23: “corresponding to a Smaller Anban jing” 大安般經一卷（CSZJ

This content examines An Shigao's translations of Anban sutras, highlighting the distinctions between the Present Da Anban shouyi jing and the Kongo-ji Anban shouyi jing. The text discusses the integr

Thus, the phrase 『息中具有四大。心在中』 can be interpreted as: "the mind should be located at the centre of the body while breathing (in and out)." The precise position of the centre of the body where the mind

This text examines the phrase 'the mind should be located at the center of the body while breathing in and out.' It references the teachings of PhraMongkolthepmuni regarding the center's location abov

Conclusion In conclusion, in this paper I have reviewed An Shigao's career as a meditation master and a translator of Buddhist texts. Based on his translations of meditation sutras I have argued that

In this conclusion, I highlight An Shigao's significant contributions as a meditation master and translator of Buddhist texts. His translation of meditation sutras introduced mindfulness breathing med